An aftermarket modification bundle designed to change the exterior look of a selected automobile mannequin, the Ford Thunderbird. These packages sometimes embody parts equivalent to entrance and rear bumpers, aspect skirts, and probably a spoiler, crafted to present the automobile a extra personalized or aggressive aesthetic. The aim is to permit homeowners to personalize their automobile past the factory-produced choices.
The attraction of those modification packages stems from a need for individuality and enhancement of the automobile’s inherent model. They supply a chance to replace the automobile’s look, probably emulating a specific racing model or a extra modern design. All through the Thunderbird’s manufacturing historical past, numerous styling traits have emerged, and these kits enable homeowners to replicate these traits or create fully new ones. Additional, well-designed and correctly put in parts can enhance aerodynamics, though the first focus is usually aesthetic.
The next sections will delve into the specifics of obtainable choices, supplies utilized in development, the set up course of, and elements to think about when deciding on the appropriate parts for a given Thunderbird mannequin 12 months. Issues equivalent to compatibility, price, and potential influence on the automobile’s worth can even be addressed.
1. Materials Composition
The collection of supplies within the development of aesthetic modification packages for the Thunderbird is greater than a matter of beauty selection; it is a vital determinant of the automobile’s longevity, efficiency, and total character. The fabric dictates not simply the look, however the very essence of how the automobile interacts with the street and the weather.
-
Fiberglass Bolstered Polymer (FRP)
Early kits typically employed FRP, prized for its comparatively low price and ease of molding. Whereas able to capturing advanced shapes, FRP displays a susceptibility to cracking below stress and a larger weight in comparison with extra superior composites. A miscalculation in design or a harsh encounter with street particles may spell the top of a rigorously crafted fender flare.
-
Polyurethane
Polyurethane presents enhanced flexibility and influence resistance, decreasing the chance of shattering upon minor collisions. Its pliability, nonetheless, generally is a double-edged sword, as it might lack the rigidity to take care of sharp, outlined traces, leading to a softened aesthetic that deviates from the supposed design.
-
Carbon Fiber
Carbon fiber represents the top of fabric science on this context. Its strength-to-weight ratio is unmatched, permitting for the creation of light-weight parts that improve efficiency and gas effectivity. Nevertheless, the intricate manufacturing course of and the price of uncooked supplies elevate carbon fiber parts right into a premium value bracket, making them accessible primarily to fanatics with vital budgets.
-
Metal
Whereas much less widespread in full aesthetic transformation packages, metal components are generally built-in for reinforcement or to take care of the unique automobile’s structural integrity. Metal presents distinctive energy and weldability, however its weight can counteract efficiency features achieved via different modifications. Furthermore, its susceptibility to corrosion calls for meticulous floor preparation and safety to stop rust.
The choice concerning materials composition is thus a balancing act, weighing price in opposition to sturdiness, aesthetics in opposition to practicality. A cautious analysis of the supposed use, price range constraints, and desired final result is paramount in deciding on the fabric that greatest enhances each the automobile’s legacy and the proprietor’s imaginative and prescient.
2. Aerodynamic Results
The wind whispers tales of resistance in opposition to each curve and angle. For the basic Thunderbird, a automobile born of flowing traces and a promise of easy cruising, this resistance was a identified amount, a mild tax on its substantial energy. However when the urge to sculpt its kind additional arises, the addition of aftermarket parts calls for cautious consideration. Aerodynamic results, typically an afterthought within the pursuit of visible distinction, can essentially alter the automobile’s habits at velocity.
Think about a classic Thunderbird, resplendent in its chrome glory, now adorned with a deep entrance air dam and a pronounced rear spoiler. The intent could also be purely aesthetic, a nod to racing heritage. Nevertheless, the real-world penalties might be vital. A poorly designed entrance air dam can enhance drag, negating any potential features from a rear spoiler making an attempt to generate downforce. The consequence? Instability at increased speeds, elevated gas consumption, and a compromised driving expertise. In distinction, a well-engineered bundle, meticulously wind-tunnel examined, can easy airflow, cut back turbulence, and improve grip, reworking the Thunderbird from a boulevard cruiser right into a surprisingly succesful machine. Examples of this embody refined lip spoilers and thoroughly crafted aspect skirts that channel air successfully, resulting in improved stability with out sacrificing the automobile’s iconic silhouette.
In the end, the pursuit of visible enhancement should be tempered with an understanding of the forces at play. Ignoring aerodynamic ideas can rework a cherished basic into an unpredictable and probably harmful machine. Due to this fact, analysis, knowledgeable session, and a wholesome dose of skepticism are essential when contemplating aesthetic modifications. The wind doesn’t lie; it reveals the reality of design within the crucible of velocity. The cautious integration of an aesthetic enhancement bundle will present advantages or detriment relying on the parts of the enhancement bundle, their set up and the ultimate design.
3. Mannequin Yr Compatibility
The specter of incompatibility haunts the world of vehicle modification. A story is advised of a 1966 Thunderbird, its proprietor dreaming of a contemporary transformation. He acquired a smooth, aggressively styled enhancement bundle, envisioning a seamless fusion of basic and modern. However the dream shattered upon the unforgiving rocks of actuality. The traces, the mounting factors, the very essence of the brand new parts clashed with the Thunderbird’s distinct anatomy. What appeared aesthetically pleasing in isolation grew to become a discordant mess when confronted with the unforgiving fact of mismatched mannequin years.
The chassis dimensions, the curvature of the physique panels, the location of vital mounting {hardware} all these various subtly, but considerably, throughout the Thunderbird’s manufacturing run. An enhancement bundle designed for a 1964 mannequin, with its distinctive knife-edge styling, merely couldn’t conform to the rounded contours of a Seventies iteration. This incompatibility prolonged past mere aesthetics; misaligned panels may create harmful blind spots, compromise structural integrity, and even intrude with the right functioning of security programs. The proprietor of the 1966 Thunderbird, disillusioned, was left with a pile of unusable components and a pricey lesson: thorough analysis and meticulous verification of mannequin 12 months compatibility are usually not merely recommendations, however imperatives. One other instance included a package designed for a 2002-2005 Thunderbird, which was put in on a 1965-1967. The completely different dimensions brought on a horrible match, damaging the chassis when the package was put in.
The implications of neglecting this vital facet can vary from minor aesthetic imperfections to catastrophic failures. Mannequin 12 months compatibility is the bedrock upon which any profitable aesthetic transformation rests. It’s a precept that should be adhered to with unwavering diligence. Earlier than embarking on any modification undertaking, the discerning proprietor should arm themselves with data, seek the advice of with specialists, and double-check each specification. Solely then can the imaginative and prescient of a customized Thunderbird change into a actuality, a harmonious mix of basic magnificence and particular person expression.
4. Set up Complexity
The transformation of a Thunderbird via aftermarket modification is a journey, not merely a purchase order. On the coronary heart of this journey lies the problem of set up complexity, an element that may decide the success or failure of even essentially the most aesthetically pleasing enhancement bundle. The attract of a brand new aesthetic can rapidly fade when confronted with the truth of a frightening set up course of. The story of a seasoned mechanic serves as a cautionary instance.
-
Bolt-On Simplicity
Some kits supply the promise of “bolt-on” ease, the place parts align seamlessly with current mounting factors, requiring solely primary instruments and mechanical aptitude. Nevertheless, even in these seemingly easy situations, hidden pitfalls can emerge. A seized bolt, a misaligned bracket, or insufficient directions can rapidly escalate a easy job right into a irritating ordeal. A veteran mechanic, famend for his expertise, as soon as bought a bolt-on package, solely to find that the tolerances had been barely off, requiring hours of painstaking changes and modifications to realize a correct match.
-
Modification and Fabrication
Different enhancement packages demand in depth modification, requiring reducing, welding, and fabrication expertise. These initiatives enterprise into the realm of true craftsmanship, the place experience and precision are paramount. A house storage is now not ample; specialised instruments and a deep understanding of automotive engineering change into important. One story recounts the expertise of a talented fabricator who spent months meticulously crafting and welding a customized package, solely to find that his modifications had inadvertently compromised the automobile’s structural integrity. This serves as a reminder that aesthetic transformation must not ever come on the expense of security and performance.
-
Electrical Integration
Past the mechanical elements, set up complexity typically extends to electrical integration. Fashionable aesthetic enhancement packages steadily incorporate lighting components, sensors, and different digital parts that require cautious wiring and programming. A brief circuit, a miswired connection, or a defective sensor can wreak havoc on the automobile’s electrical system, rendering it inoperable. One particular person, keen to finish his undertaking, bypassed the right wiring procedures, leading to a cascade {of electrical} failures that took weeks to diagnose and restore.
-
Skilled Experience
The growing complexity of contemporary aesthetic enhancement packages has led to a rising reliance on skilled experience. Seasoned technicians possess the data, expertise, and specialised gear essential to navigate the intricacies of advanced installations. Whereas skilled set up comes at a value, it may possibly in the end save time, cash, and frustration by guaranteeing a correct match, dependable performance, and adherence to security requirements. A smart particular person, recognizing the restrictions of his personal talents, entrusted his undertaking to an expert store, leading to a flawless set up and a automobile that exceeded his expectations.
The extent of set up complexity immediately impacts the feasibility and pleasure of modifying a Thunderbird. Cautious consideration of 1’s personal expertise, assets, and the potential pitfalls is important earlier than embarking on this transformative journey. The purpose just isn’t merely to realize a visually interesting consequence, however to take action in a fashion that preserves the automobile’s integrity and enhances the general driving expertise. The selection of the proper enhancement bundle, design and high quality can have an effect on the Set up complexity.
5. Aesthetic Fashion
The hunt for a customized Thunderbird typically begins with a singular imaginative and prescient: a need to rework the automobile into a mirrored image of particular person style and magnificence. This imaginative and prescient materializes via the cautious choice and integration of an aesthetic enhancement bundle. It’s a pursuit not merely of superficial adjustments, however of imbuing the basic kind with a brand new id. Contemplate the case of a devoted Thunderbird fanatic who sought to evoke the spirit of Sixties Trans-Am racing. The addition of a entrance spoiler, a refined rear deck lid, and aspect skirts remodeled the street presence to embody the uncooked energy and athletic stance of these legendary racing machines. The model turns into a transformative piece of the thunderbird with the proper enhancement bundle put in.
Aesthetic model just isn’t a monolith; it’s a spectrum, starting from refined refinements to radical transformations. Some fanatics go for a minimalist strategy, looking for to boost the automobile’s current traces with out drastically altering its character. This may contain including a refined lip spoiler, or chrome accents, rigorously chosen to enrich the Thunderbird’s authentic design language. Others embrace bolder expressions, selecting a extra aggressive aesthetic with broad arches, a distinguished rear wing, and a lowered journey top, drawing inspiration from modern styling traits. The bottom line is to make sure that the chosen model stays cohesive with the automobile’s underlying design. A conflict of types may end up in a discordant and aesthetically unappealing final result, diminishing the Thunderbird’s inherent appeal.
In the end, the combination of an aesthetic enhancement bundle is a deeply private endeavor. It’s an expression of particular person style and a press release of intent. By rigorously contemplating the assorted types obtainable, understanding the automobile’s inherent design language, and guaranteeing a harmonious mix of basic and modern components, it may possibly change into a piece of automotive artwork. The true artistry lies not merely within the collection of parts, however within the potential to craft a imaginative and prescient that elevates the automobile past its authentic kind, reworking it into a novel and compelling reflection of its proprietor’s persona. The flexibility to find out the aesthetic model depends closely on the proprietor, it is a vital part of the complete “ford thunderbird physique package” endeavor.
6. Structural Integrity
Structural integrity, within the context of modifying a basic automobile, is a silent guardian. It’s the unseen framework that underpins not solely the automobile’s aesthetic attraction but in addition its potential to carry out safely and reliably. The pursuit of a customized aesthetic must not ever eclipse the basic significance of preserving the Thunderbird’s inherent energy and stability.
-
Compromised Crash Resistance
The story is advised of a Thunderbird, its proprietor captivated by the attract of a radical aesthetic enhancement bundle. New panels had been added, authentic helps eliminated. Within the quest for a novel look, the automobile’s capability to face up to impacts was drastically diminished. A minor collision, which the unique automobile would have shrugged off, resulted in vital structural harm, rendering it unsafe. This modification was not a pursuit of aesthetics however a path to the automobile’s decline.
-
Welding Degradation
Typically, the combination of a enhancement bundle requires welding becoming a member of dissimilar metals, patching compromised areas, or attaching new structural parts. Inexperienced welding can introduce stress factors, weaken vital joints, and speed up corrosion. A seemingly minor weld imperfection can propagate over time, resulting in catastrophic failure. Particularly, a weld executed incorrectly may trigger the parts of the enhancement bundle to separate from the physique of the Thunderbird. A talented welder will observe the technical steering from the part producer.
-
Element Load Distribution
The unique Thunderbird engineers designed the automobile’s construction to distribute masses in a exact and balanced method. The addition of aftermarket parts, particularly those who alter weight distribution or create new stress factors, can disrupt this delicate equilibrium. Over time, this could result in metallic fatigue, cracking, and even full structural failure. This may be prevented by guaranteeing the parts are licensed with structural score.
-
Corrosion Vulnerability
Aesthetic modification typically includes reducing, drilling, and modifying current physique panels. These actions can expose naked metallic to the weather, creating splendid situations for corrosion to take maintain. If not correctly addressed with rust inhibitors and protecting coatings, corrosion can unfold quickly, weakening the automobile’s construction from inside. Even the addition of a easy enhancement bundle can have long run harm if not addressed correctly.
Structural integrity is the silent basis upon which any profitable aesthetic transformation should be constructed. When modifications are made, it is crucial that cautious consideration is given to preserving, and even enhancing, the automobile’s inherent energy and resilience. Solely then can a Thunderbird be each stunning and protected. The success of any “ford thunderbird physique package” endeavour is reliant on Structural Integrity. Ignoring this essential high quality will in the end damage the Thunderbird.
7. Market Availability
The pursuit of aesthetic refinement typically collides with the realities of market availability. The dream of reworking a basic Thunderbird hinges not solely on imaginative and prescient but in addition on the sensible issues of sourcing the required parts. A meticulously deliberate modification undertaking might be derailed by shortage, pricing fluctuations, and the ever-shifting panorama of aftermarket suppliers. The supply of “ford thunderbird physique package” parts relies upon closely on these advanced elements.
-
Rarity and Pricing
The passage of time casts a protracted shadow on the automotive aftermarket. Enhancement packages for earlier Thunderbird fashions, these from the Nineteen Fifties and Sixties, exist in restricted numbers. What was as soon as a available improve turns into a coveted relic, commanding premium costs. The legislation of provide and demand dictates that shortage elevates worth, putting these sought-after parts past the attain of many fanatics. The “ford thunderbird physique package” obtainable for these fashions are extremely fascinating and priced accordingly.
-
Replica High quality
As authentic parts change into more and more scarce, the market responds with reproductions. The standard of those reproductions varies broadly. Some are meticulously crafted to copy the unique specs, whereas others are mere facsimiles, missing the match and end of their predecessors. The client should navigate this panorama with warning, discerning high quality from imitation, lest the dream of transformation flip right into a nightmare of ill-fitting components and compromised aesthetics. In lots of instances, the enhancement packages obtainable are reproductions that lack the prime quality design of the unique kits, subsequently, analysis should be executed earlier than the choice.
-
Vendor Reliability
The net market has expanded the attain of aftermarket suppliers. Nevertheless, it has additionally launched a brand new aspect of danger. Unscrupulous distributors, preying on the wishes of fanatics, could supply substandard merchandise, or worse, take fee with out delivering items. Diligence is paramount. Researching vendor reputations, scrutinizing product opinions, and exercising warning are important safeguards in opposition to fraud and disappointment. The potential purchaser should know the background of the provider when the marketplace for a “ford thunderbird physique package” is small.
-
Transport and Logistics
Even when the appropriate parts are positioned, the challenges of delivery and logistics stay. Transporting fragile fiberglass or cumbersome metallic parts throughout huge distances might be fraught with peril. Broken items, misplaced shipments, and exorbitant delivery prices can add surprising hurdles to the modification course of. Cautious planning, safe packaging, and dependable delivery providers are important to make sure that the specified parts arrive safely and inside price range. The added delivery price may decide whether or not a “ford thunderbird physique package” is reasonably priced. The parts are usually fragile requiring nice care to ship.
The supply of “ford thunderbird physique package” is greater than a easy matter of provide and demand. It’s a advanced interaction of rarity, copy high quality, vendor reliability, and logistical issues. The discerning fanatic should navigate this panorama with persistence, diligence, and a wholesome dose of skepticism. Solely then can the dream of a customized Thunderbird change into a actuality. With out understanding these market forces, the endeavour to amass a “ford thunderbird physique package” is more likely to finish in failure.
Regularly Requested Questions
Earlier than embarking on the transformative journey of modifying a basic Thunderbird, a number of vital questions demand solutions. Ignoring these issues can result in pricey errors and dashed expectations. The next questions symbolize the commonest inquiries from fanatics looking for to personalize their autos, offering steering to navigate this advanced endeavor.
Query 1: Will altering the automobile’s exterior negatively influence its worth?
The specter of diminished worth looms massive. A pristine, unrestored Thunderbird, a relic of its period, typically instructions a premium amongst collectors. Altering its authentic situation, even with high-quality aftermarket parts, can irrevocably alter its provenance. Nevertheless, a tastefully modified Thunderbird, enhanced with parts that complement its inherent model, can appeal to a unique phase of the market fanatics who worth individuality over historic purity. The bottom line is to strike a stability between private expression and the preservation of the automobile’s essence.
Query 2: How can be sure that the chosen aesthetic enhancement bundle is of ample high quality?
{The marketplace} is rife with imitation and compromise. A discerning eye is important to tell apart high quality from fleeting look. An affordable package, unexpectedly manufactured, is more likely to endure from poor fitment, substandard supplies, and a brief lifespan. The seek for high quality begins with analysis scrutinizing vendor reputations, inspecting product opinions, and looking for steering from skilled fanatics. The fabric composition, the precision of the molding, and the eye to element all communicate volumes in regards to the producer’s dedication to excellence.
Query 3: Is skilled set up actually crucial, or can the set up be achieved at house?
The attract of DIY typically clashes with the realities of advanced modifications. A seemingly easy enhancement bundle can rapidly change into a irritating ordeal within the arms of an inexperienced installer. Misaligned panels, broken parts, and compromised structural integrity are the hallmarks of a poorly executed set up. Whereas sure bolt-on kits could also be inside the attain of a talented novice, extra advanced modifications demand the experience of a seasoned skilled. The price of skilled set up is an funding within the automobile’s long-term well being and aesthetic attraction.
Query 4: What are the potential long-term penalties of modifying the automobile’s aerodynamics?
The wind whispers secrets and techniques of stability and resistance. A poorly designed aerodynamic modification, supposed to boost the automobile’s look, can disrupt its dealing with traits and gas effectivity. Extreme drag, decreased downforce, and elevated turbulence can compromise the driving expertise and even create harmful conditions at excessive speeds. A accountable strategy to aerodynamic modification includes cautious analysis, wind tunnel testing, and a deep understanding of the forces at play. A modification made with out contemplating the unique engineering could result in long run issues.
Query 5: How can the chance of corrosion be minimized after altering the automobile’s physique panels?
Corrosion is a relentless enemy, lurking beneath the floor. Any modification that exposes naked metallic to the weather creates a chance for rust to take maintain. A meticulous strategy to corrosion prevention is important. This includes thorough floor preparation, the applying of rust inhibitors, and using high-quality protecting coatings. Neglecting these precautions can result in structural harm and a diminished aesthetic look over time.
Query 6: What steps might be taken to make sure that the chosen parts are appropriate with the particular Thunderbird mannequin 12 months?
The satan resides within the particulars. Refined variations in chassis dimensions, physique panel contours, and mounting factors exist throughout completely different Thunderbird mannequin years. A enhancement bundle designed for one mannequin could not match one other, resulting in frustration and wasted expense. Earlier than committing to a purchase order, it’s important to confirm compatibility with the particular automobile. Consulting with skilled fanatics, scrutinizing product specs, and looking for steering from respected distributors are all important steps in guaranteeing a harmonious match.
The pursuit of a customized Thunderbird is a journey of discovery and transformation. By addressing these steadily requested questions, fanatics can navigate the complexities of the aftermarket and create a automobile that displays their particular person model, whereas preserving its integrity and worth.
The next part will delve into particular case research, illustrating the sensible software of those ideas in real-world modification initiatives.
Navigating the Aftermarket Panorama
The open street calls to those that search to imbue their Thunderbird with a private signature. But, this path is fraught with potential missteps. The next steering, gleaned from many years of expertise, serves as a compass, directing fanatics in direction of knowledgeable selections and away from the pitfalls that await the unwary.
Tip 1: Prioritize Fitment Above All Else.
A story is usually advised of a 1963 Thunderbird, its proprietor seduced by the attract of a cut price. He acquired a enhancement bundle from an unfamiliar supply, solely to find that the panels aligned poorly, requiring in depth and dear modifications. The preliminary financial savings vanished, changed by mounting bills and a compromised aesthetic. Guarantee, earlier than buy, that the parts are particularly designed for the automobile’s 12 months and mannequin. A exact match just isn’t merely fascinating; it’s paramount.
Tip 2: Embrace Subtlety Over Extra.
The Thunderbird possesses an inherent magnificence, a basic design that speaks for itself. Keep away from the temptation to overwhelm this grace with extreme modifications. A refined lip spoiler, a tasteful set of aspect skirts, or a rigorously chosen rear decklid can improve the automobile’s traces with out detracting from its authentic appeal. A narrative is advised of a 2003 Thunderbird, its proprietor making an attempt a radical transformation with an overabundance of aftermarket additions. The consequence was a jarring incongruity, a dilution of the automobile’s inherent magnificence.
Tip 3: Seek the advice of with Specialists Earlier than Committing.
The world of automotive customization is huge and complicated. Earlier than embarking on a major modification undertaking, search the counsel of skilled technicians and fellow fanatics. Their insights can present invaluable steering, steering away from potential pitfalls and figuring out respected sources for high quality parts. A novice, armed with enthusiasm however missing data, is susceptible to misinformation and dear errors. Faucet into the neighborhood’s collective knowledge; it’s a useful resource of immense worth.
Tip 4: Doc Each Step of the Course of.
The modification journey is a narrative, a story of transformation. Protect this narrative via detailed documentation. {Photograph} the automobile earlier than, throughout, and after every modification. Report the parts used, the methods employed, and any challenges encountered. This documentation serves not solely as a private document but in addition as a precious useful resource for future homeowners or potential consumers. Transparency builds belief and provides worth to the automobile.
Tip 5: Insist on Skilled Set up When Essential.
Sure modifications demand experience that lies past the attain of the typical fanatic. Welding, electrical work, and complicated panel modifications must be entrusted to expert professionals. The price of skilled set up is an funding in security, reliability, and aesthetic integrity. A compromised weld, a miswired connection, or a poorly aligned panel can have devastating penalties. Know the boundaries of 1’s talents and search help when required.
Tip 6: Issue Lengthy-Time period Upkeep into the Equation.
Aesthetic modifications typically introduce new upkeep necessities. Aftermarket parts could also be extra inclined to put on and tear, corrosion, or harm. Issue these issues into the long-term upkeep plan. Often examine the modifications, tackle any points promptly, and make the most of acceptable cleansing and safety merchandise. Neglecting these elements can result in a gradual degradation of the automobile’s look and worth.
By adhering to those pointers, Thunderbird fanatics can navigate the aftermarket panorama with confidence, reworking their autos into distinctive expressions of non-public model whereas preserving their inherent worth and integrity.
The ultimate chapter will present a abstract of the important thing ideas outlined on this exploration, reinforcing the vital issues for a profitable and rewarding Thunderbird customization endeavor.
The Enduring Attract
The journey via the world of “ford thunderbird physique package” has revealed a panorama wealthy with potentialities and fraught with potential pitfalls. From the nuanced collection of supplies to the cautious consideration of aerodynamic results, structural integrity, and market realities, the method of reworking a basic Thunderbird calls for a discerning eye and a steadfast dedication to high quality. The attract of a customized aesthetic should all the time be tempered by a respect for the automobile’s heritage and a dedication to preserving its long-term worth. The “ford thunderbird physique package” endeavor should be guided by data and foresight.
Because the solar units on this exploration, the decision to motion stays clear: strategy the customization of a Thunderbird with knowledgeable deliberation, prioritizing fitment, subtlety, {and professional} steering. The street forward presents the chance to create a rolling testomony to particular person model, a harmonious mix of basic magnificence and modern expression. However the onus lies on every fanatic to wield the ability of modification responsibly, guaranteeing that the legacy of the Thunderbird endures for generations to come back, enhanced, however by no means diminished, by the alternatives made as we speak. The top results of an excellent “ford thunderbird physique package” is a properly designed, properly engineered automobile.
